Hemodynamic differences in isometric counter-pressure maneuvers and their efficacy in vasovagal syncope

Table 1 Hemodynamic parameters during ICM

	Before ICM	During ICM	Significance (p)	Difference
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
SQ	98 ± 17.6	107.3 ± 17.4	< 0.001	9.4 ± 8.3
LCMT	98.3 ± 17.3	114.8 ± 19.3	< 0.001	16.6 ± 7.9
WBT	99.5 ± 17.4	114.4 ± 22.8	< 0.001	14.9 ± 10.5
HeR	99.6 ± 16.1	113.7 ± 18.3	< 0.001	14.1 ± 6.5
TE	99.6 ± 16.6	110.8 ± 17.1	< 0.001	10.9 ± 6.8
HG	98.7 ± 14.9	111 ± 16.8	<0.001	12.3 ± 7.3
Cardiac output (l/min)
SQ	4.7 ± 1.7	5.7 ± 2	< 0.001	1 ± 0.8
LCMT	4.6 ± 1.6	5.6 ± 2.1	< 0.001	1 ± 0.8
WBT	4.8 ± 1.8	5.3 ± 2.1	< 0.001	0.5 ± 0.6
HeR	4.6 ± 1.7	5.4 ± 2.1	< 0.001	0.8 ± 0.7
TE	4.6 ± 1.6	5.3 ± 2.1	< 0.001	0.7 ± 0.7
HG	5 ± 1.5	5.1 ± 1.6	0.134	0.1 ± 0.4
Stroke volume (ml)
SQ	51 ± 19.4	67.6 ± 21.6	< 0.001	16.6 ± 9
LCMT	50.9 ± 18.3	60.6 ± 23.3	< 0.001	9.7 ± 9.7
WBT	52 ± 19.3	55.9 ± 23.1	0.003	3.9 ± 7.3
HeR	50.6 ± 19.5	57.5 ± 22	< 0.001	6.9 ± 7.1
TE	49.6 ± 17.4	54.2 ± 19.7	0.001	4.6 ± 7.3
HG	52.5 ± 17.2	52.5 ± 16.1	0.940	0.1 ± 4
Heart rate (beats/min)
SQ	92.4 ± 14.4	85 ± 10.5	< 0.001	− 7.4 ± 10.1
LCMT	93 ± 15	96 ± 16	0.031	3.0 ± 8.3
WBT	94 ± 16.6	98.8 ± 18.7	0.005	4.7 ± 9.6
HeR	91.9 ± 16.8	95.1 ± 16.5	0.007	3.4 ± 7.0
TE	94.2 ± 17.5	98.4 ± 16.7	0.002	4.1 ± 7.5
HG	96.7 ± 17.5	100.2 ± 19.3	0.004	3.4 ± 5.4
Total peripheral resistance (dyn s/cm⁵⁾
SQ	1950 ± 1143.4	1682.3 ± 788	0.012	− 260 ± 570
LCMT	1840 ± 820.4	1796.5 ± 855	0.298	− 43.2 ± 234
WBT	1883 ± 932.5	1922.9 ± 940	0.215	39 ± 177
HeR	1961 ± 981.1	1907 ± 924	0.200	− 53 ± 235
TE	1934.4 ± 885	1951 ± 964.6	0.584	17.2 ± 179
HG	1618 ± 731	1744.4 ± 759.8	0.002	120 ± 159

SQ squatting, LCMT leg crossing and muscle tensing, WBT whole-body tensing, He heel raising, TE toe extension, HG handgrip

ISSN: 2466-1171